High-yield cultivation and cultivation technology of potato
The potato is an annual herb of the genus Solanaceae. It is also known as the egg, the artichoke, the potato, etc. The potato is 30-80 cm high, hairless or pubescent. The stem is divided into two parts: the ground stem and the underground stem. Potato is one of China’s five staple foods. It has high nutritional value, strong adaptability and high yield. It is the third most important food crop in the world, second only to wheat and corn. The potato is a tuber reproduction, which can be used as a medicine. It is mild and sweet, and it is used to treat stomach pain, ribs, edema and other diseases. As a food, the storage period should not be too long, and must be kept at a low temperature, dry, and sealed.
Selection of good varieties
The selection of improved varieties is an important part of high-yield cultivation of potatoes. Studies have shown that the high-quality varieties of bell-soil and their high-quality virus-free seed potatoes can contribute about 60% to the yield of potato. The virus-free seed potatoes emerge early, the plants are robust, the leaves are hypertrophied, the roots are developed, the stress resistance is strong, and the yield increasing potential is large. Therefore, all the detoxification G2 and G3 generations must be selected in production.
The selection of improved varieties is an important part of high-yield cultivation of potatoes. Studies have shown that the high-quality varieties of bell-soil and their high-quality virus-free seed potatoes can contribute about 60% to the yield of potato. The virus-free seed potatoes emerge early, the plants are robust, the leaves are hypertrophied, the roots are developed, the stress resistance is strong, and the yield increasing potential is large. Therefore, all the detoxification G2 and G3 generations must be selected in production.
Site preparation
Potatoes are crops that are not resistant to continuous cropping. The plots for planting potatoes should be selected from plots where potatoes and other Solanaceae crops have not been grown for three years. Potatoes are sensitive to continuous cropping and must be avoided in production. If a potato is continuously planted on a piece of land, it will not only cause serious diseases, such as bacterial wilt, but also cause soil nutrient imbalance, especially some trace elements, which make the potato grow poorly, the plant is short, the yield is low, and the quality is poor. Potatoes and corn, wheat and other plants have better yield-increasing effects.
Potatoes are crops that are not resistant to continuous cropping. The plots for planting potatoes should be selected from plots where potatoes and other Solanaceae crops have not been grown for three years. Potatoes are sensitive to continuous cropping and must be avoided in production. If a potato is continuously planted on a piece of land, it will not only cause serious diseases, such as bacterial wilt, but also cause soil nutrient imbalance, especially some trace elements, which make the potato grow poorly, the plant is short, the yield is low, and the quality is poor. Potatoes and corn, wheat and other plants have better yield-increasing effects.
The expansion of potato tubers requires loose and fertile soil. Therefore, it is best to choose a plot of potato that is flat, with irrigation conditions, and well drained, deep ploughed, loose sandy loam. After the harvest, it is necessary to carry out deep cultivation and then smash. The width and height of the cockroaches depend on the topography and soil moisture. If the drainage is good, the drainage is good, the terrain is low, and the poor drainage is narrow or high.
Applying base fertilizer
Potatoes form a large number of stems and tubers in the growing season, and therefore require more nutrients. Among the three elements of fertilizer, potassium is the most needed, nitrogen is the second, and phosphorus is the least. Applying sufficient base fertilizer plays an important role in increasing potato yield. The base fertilizer of the potato should account for 3/5 or 2/3 of the total fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly composed of fermented compost and manure and manure, and is combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Generally, there are 1000-1500 kg of fertilizer machine, 15-25 kg of superphosphate, and 100-150 kg of ash. The base fertilizer should be combined with the hoe or burrowed in the soil layer below 10 cm to facilitate the plant to absorb and loosen the potato layer. At the time of sowing, 20-30 ounces of decomposed human and animal excrement per mu, or 5-8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer as seed fertilizer, so that the emergence of seedlings is rapid and tidy, and the seedlings grow robustly.
Potatoes form a large number of stems and tubers in the growing season, and therefore require more nutrients. Among the three elements of fertilizer, potassium is the most needed, nitrogen is the second, and phosphorus is the least. Applying sufficient base fertilizer plays an important role in increasing potato yield. The base fertilizer of the potato should account for 3/5 or 2/3 of the total fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly composed of fermented compost and manure and manure, and is combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Generally, there are 1000-1500 kg of fertilizer machine, 15-25 kg of superphosphate, and 100-150 kg of ash. The base fertilizer should be combined with the hoe or burrowed in the soil layer below 10 cm to facilitate the plant to absorb and loosen the potato layer. At the time of sowing, 20-30 ounces of decomposed human and animal excrement per mu, or 5-8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer as seed fertilizer, so that the emergence of seedlings is rapid and tidy, and the seedlings grow robustly.
Seed potato treatment
1. Selected seed potatoes
1. Selected seed potatoes
On the basis of the selection of good varieties, the potato shape is selected and has the typical characteristics of this variety. The potato skin is smooth, the color is bright, and the weight is 1-2, and the healthy seed potato is moderately sized. When selecting seed potatoes, it is necessary to strictly remove tubers with cracks, deformities, pointed heads, bud-eye necrosis, plaques or umbilical black rot.
2, dicing and small whole potato seeding
Seed potato diced planting can promote oxygen exchange inside and outside the tuber, break dormancy, early germination and emergence. However, when cutting, it is easy to pass the knife to pass the disease, causing rotten seeds, lack of seedlings or increasing the incidence of the field, and speeding up the variety degradation. The cut piece is too large, and the amount used is large, and it is generally suitable to cut into 20-30 grams. Cut the cuts so that each cut has the apex of the top. When cutting the pieces, the diseased potatoes should be removed, and the cut pieces should be strictly disinfected to prevent the disease.
Small whole potato seeding can avoid the disease of the knife, and the small potato has strong viability and drought resistance. After sowing, the seedlings are early and tidy, and the number of buds per stem, the number of main stems and the number of tubers increase. Therefore, using 25 grams of strong small potato for seeding, there is a significant disease prevention and yield increase effect. However, small potatoes generally have short growth periods, low maturity, long dormancy, and often premature aging in the later stages. In cultivation, it is necessary to master the appropriate density, make germination treatment, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and cooperate with the corresponding nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to exert the production potential of small potato seed production.
3, germination
Germination is an important measure to prevent disease and high yield in potato cultivation. Promote germination before sowing, can promote early maturity and increase yield. At the same time, in the process of germination, the diseased potato can be eliminated, and the rate of diseased plants in the field after seeding or the lack of seedlings and strips can be reduced, which is beneficial to the whole seedlings. The germination method: the seed potato and the sand are layered and placed in a layer thickness of about 3-4 layers, and maintained at an optimum temperature of about 20 ° C and a state of frequent wetting, the seed potato can be germinated after about 10 days. When germination, the seed potato is immersed in 0.5-1ppm gibberellin solution or 0.1-0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 10-15 minutes or soaked with 2% thiourea for 20 minutes to improve the germination effect.
Sowing at the right time
An important condition for determining the timing of potato sowing is the temperature during the growing period. In principle, the potato potato should be in the condition of a daily average temperature of 15-25 °C. The longer the period for the continuous growth of the tuber, the higher the total weight. Most of them are planted after late rice or mid-season.
An important condition for determining the timing of potato sowing is the temperature during the growing period. In principle, the potato potato should be in the condition of a daily average temperature of 15-25 °C. The longer the period for the continuous growth of the tuber, the higher the total weight. Most of them are planted after late rice or mid-season.
Reasonable close planting
The yield factor constituting the potato is the product of the number of plants per unit area and the yield per plant. The yield per plant is determined by the number of single potato and the weight of single potato. There is a contradiction between the increase in population and the increase in yield per plant. When the number of plants per unit area increases, the yield per plant decreases accordingly, and both have a certain dependence on planting density. Within a certain range of density, the yield of the population increases with increasing density; the yield per plant decreases with increasing density. Therefore, the determination of density must consider the two contradictory factors of population yield and individual yield. If the density is small, although the individual plants are well developed and the yield is high, the total number of plants per unit area is small, the number of potatoes is small, and the yield is not high. If the density is too large, although the total number of plants is large, the weight of the single potato is very low, and the yield is not high. Therefore, rational close planting is to make a reasonable group structure within the unit area, which can not only make the individual develop well, but also play a role in increasing the production of the group, so as to make full use of light energy and ground power to obtain high yield. Considering the coordinated development of the group and the individual, the potato is about 6000 plants per mu under the general cultivation level, and each of the 2-3 stems is suitable.
The yield factor constituting the potato is the product of the number of plants per unit area and the yield per plant. The yield per plant is determined by the number of single potato and the weight of single potato. There is a contradiction between the increase in population and the increase in yield per plant. When the number of plants per unit area increases, the yield per plant decreases accordingly, and both have a certain dependence on planting density. Within a certain range of density, the yield of the population increases with increasing density; the yield per plant decreases with increasing density. Therefore, the determination of density must consider the two contradictory factors of population yield and individual yield. If the density is small, although the individual plants are well developed and the yield is high, the total number of plants per unit area is small, the number of potatoes is small, and the yield is not high. If the density is too large, although the total number of plants is large, the weight of the single potato is very low, and the yield is not high. Therefore, rational close planting is to make a reasonable group structure within the unit area, which can not only make the individual develop well, but also play a role in increasing the production of the group, so as to make full use of light energy and ground power to obtain high yield. Considering the coordinated development of the group and the individual, the potato is about 6000 plants per mu under the general cultivation level, and each of the 2-3 stems is suitable.
Field management
1, check seedlings
1, check seedlings
After the potato is out, it is necessary to check the seedlings in time, and the seedlings are timely replenished to ensure the whole seedlings. The method of replenishing the seedlings is: when planting, the excess potato pieces are densely planted in the field to replenish the seedlings. When replenishing the seedlings, if there is a diseased rotten potato in the missing hole, the diseased potato and the surrounding soil should be dug up and then the seedlings should be replenished. When the soil is dry, the water should be burrowed and combined with a small amount of fertilizer to plant the seedlings to reduce the time of slow seedling and restore growth as soon as possible. If there is no spare seedlings, you can select the seedlings from the ridges in the field, and remove the excess seedlings from the base of the mother’s potato to carry out transplanting and seedlings.
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